Paying the honest
Section 6 adds the incentive. By convention, the first transaction of each block creates new coins that belong to whoever made the block. This rewards the work and is also the way coins are first put into circulation, with no central issuer. Once a set number of coins exists, the reward can come entirely from transaction fees.
The paper then makes a bet about attackers. Someone with more computing power than all honest nodes could use it to steal back their own payments, or to earn new coins honestly. It argues that playing by the rules should pay more than undermining the system their own wealth depends on.
A different model of privacy
A bank keeps your transactions private by hiding them from the public. Bitcoin cannot: every transaction must be public so everyone can check for double spends. Section 10 proposes another line: keep the public keys anonymous. The public can see that someone sent an amount to someone else, without knowing who.
It also recommends a new key pair for each transaction, and admits a limit: when one transaction spends several inputs, those inputs were probably owned by the same person.